These are stems which end or ended with a consonant. The main characteristics of these stems are: plurals in ‹-ya›, adjectival always
in ‹-ëa›, copulative in ‹-ar› or ‹-ra›, and vowel harmony in some stem types in the accusative,
allative and comitative.
- AY Stems:
stems ending in ‹ë› (< -ay). In Low Silindion, all ‹-e› stems and all words whose nominative
ends in ‹-ë› (except IE stems) become AY stems. A characteristic of these stems is an added ‹-a› in some of
the endings.
Example: passë- 'crow'.
|
Singular/Plural HS |
Plural, Written LS |
Plural, Spoken LS |
| Nom: |
passë |
passi |
passi |
| Acc: |
pássëan |
pássian |
passín |
| Gen: |
passë(a)ri |
passi(a)ri |
passiri |
| Dat: |
pássëanu |
pássianu |
passinu |
| Abl: |
pássëalim |
pássialim |
passilim |
| Loc: |
pássëavi |
pássiavi |
passivi |
| All: |
pássëanna |
pássianna |
passinna |
| Com: |
pássëamma |
pássiamma |
passimma |
| Ins: |
pássëu |
pássiu |
pássiu |
| Cop: |
pássëar |
pássiar |
passir |
| Ess: |
passë |
passi |
passi |
| Rel: |
pássëatma |
pássiatma |
passitma |
| Adj: |
pássëa |
pássia |
pássia |
- SS Stems:
stems ending in ‹-ss›, alternating with ‹-t› or zero. Those words exhibit voyel harmony with the
first syllable (example: accusative ‹sehwentë› 'wound' ~ ‹kanta› 'denial' - nominative ‹kass›).
Example: sehwess- 'wound'.
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom: |
sehwess |
sehwetya |
| Acc: |
sehwentë |
sehwetyán |
| Gen: |
sehwetti |
sehwetyari |
| Dat: |
sehwentu |
sehwetyanu |
| Abl: |
sehwellim |
sehwetyalim |
| Loc: |
sehwevi |
sehwetyavi |
| All: |
sehwenta |
sehwetyanna |
| Com: |
sehwenta |
sehwetyamma |
| Ins: |
sehwessu |
sehwetyo |
| Cop: |
sehwessar |
sehwetyar |
| Ess: |
sehwessi |
sehwetyë |
| Rel: |
sehwetma |
sehwetyatma |
| Adj: |
sehwéssëa |
sehwétyëa |
- S Stems:
these are words which end in ‹-s› which alternates with ‹-r› and zero in some forms. In the
locative, the ending becomes ‹-phi›.
Example: aros- 'spruce'.
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom: |
aros |
arohya |
| Acc: |
alorna |
arohyán |
| Gen: |
arosti |
arohyari |
| Dat: |
alornu |
arohyanu |
| Abl: |
arollim |
arohyalim |
| Loc: |
arophi |
arohyavi |
| All: |
alorna |
arohyanna |
| Com: |
alorma |
arohyamma |
| Ins: |
arosu |
arohyo |
| Cop: |
alorra |
arohyar |
| Ess: |
arosi |
arohyë |
| Rel: |
arosma |
arohyatma |
| Adj: |
arósëa |
aróhyëa |
- R Stems:
stems ending in ‹-r›. They exhibit the same type of vowel harmony in the accusative as in SS stems, except a vowel
combination such as ‹-ëo› counts as a back vowel. They also show vowel harmony also in the comitative and allative cases (example:
accusative ‹mer-në› 'mountain' ~ ‹lëor-na› 'time' - nominative ‹lëor›).
Example: mer- 'mountain'.
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom: |
mer |
merya |
| Acc: |
mernë |
meryán |
| Gen: |
merni |
meryari |
| Dat: |
mernu |
meryanu |
| Abl: |
merrim |
meryalim |
| Loc: |
mervi |
meryavi |
| All: |
merenna |
meryanna |
| Com: |
meremma |
meryamma |
| Ins: |
meru |
meryo |
| Cop: |
merra |
meryar |
| Ess: |
meri |
meryë |
| Rel: |
merma |
meryatma |
| Adj: |
mérëa |
méryëa |
- N Stems:
stems ending in at least one ‹-n›. Sometimes these words have two stems, both ending in ‹-n›.
Other times there are two stems one of which doesn't end in ‹-n›. Nominative is formed in two ways: for 1-stem words, the nominative is
the bare stem. For 2-stem words, the second stem is suffixed with the last vowel of the first stem. They show voyel harmony in the accusative, allative
and comitative cases (example: accusative ‹sulon-na› ~ ‹yomen-në›, allative ‹suln-anna› ~
‹yomm-enna›).
Examples: 1 STEM: ivan- 'home'.
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom: |
ivan |
ivanya |
| Acc: |
ivanna |
ivanyán |
| Gen: |
ivandi |
ivanyari |
| Dat: |
ivannu |
ivanyanu |
| Abl: |
ivallim |
ivanyalim |
| Loc: |
ivavi |
ivanyavi |
| All: |
ivananna |
ivanyanna |
| Com: |
ivanamma |
ivanyamma |
| Ins: |
ivanu |
ivanyo |
| Cop: |
ivanar/ivarra |
ivanyar |
| Ess: |
ivani |
ivanyë |
| Rel: |
ivatma |
ivanyatma |
| Adj: |
ivánëa |
iványëa |
2 STEMS: sulon-/suln- 'river'.
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom: |
sulno |
sulonya |
| Acc: |
sulonna |
sulonyán |
| Gen: |
sulondi |
sulonyari |
| Dat: |
sulonnu |
sulonyanu |
| Abl: |
surolim |
sulonyalim |
| Loc: |
sulovi |
sulonyavi |
| All: |
sulnanna |
sulonyanna |
| Com: |
sulnamma |
sulonyamma |
| Ins: |
sulonu |
sulonyo |
| Cop: |
sulnar |
sulonyar |
| Ess: |
sulni |
sulonyë |
| Rel: |
sulotma |
sulonyatma |
| Adj: |
súlnëa |
sulónyëa |
2 STEMS: yomen-/yomm- 'night/night sky'.
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom: |
yommë |
yomenya |
| Acc: |
yomennë |
yomenyán |
| Gen: |
yomendi |
yomenyari |
| Dat: |
yomennu |
yomenyanu |
| Abl: |
yomellim |
yomenyalim |
| Loc: |
yomevi |
yomenyavi |
| All: |
yommenna |
yomenyanna |
| Com: |
yommemma |
yomenyamma |
| Ins: |
yomenu |
yomenyo |
| Cop: |
yommar |
yomenyar |
| Ess: |
yommi |
yomenyë |
| Rel: |
yometma |
yomenyatma |
| Adj: |
yómmëa |
yoményëa |
- L Stems:
these include all words whose nominative singular ends in ‹-l›.
Example: tarkil- 'sky'.
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom: |
tarkil |
tarkilya |
| Acc: |
tarkildë |
tarkilyán |
| Gen: |
tarkildi |
tarkilyari |
| Dat: |
tarkildu |
tarkilyanu |
| Abl: |
tarkillim |
tarkilyalim |
| Loc: |
tarkilvi |
tarkilyavi |
| All: |
tarkilda |
tarkilyanna |
| Com: |
tarkilma |
tarkilyamma |
| Ins: |
tarkilu |
tarkilyo |
| Cop: |
tarkilar |
tarkilyar |
| Ess: |
tarkili |
tarkilyë |
| Rel: |
tarkilma |
tarkilyatma |
| Adj: |
tarkílëa |
tarkílyëa |
- ST Stems:
this is a rare stem type occurring in ‹ost-› 'wind' and a derivative ‹lutost-› 'lute'.
Example: ost- 'wind'.
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom: |
os |
ossa |
| Acc: |
ostán |
ossán |
| Gen: |
osti |
ossari |
| Dat: |
osnu |
ossanu |
| Abl: |
oslim |
ossalim |
| Loc: |
osvi |
ossavi |
| All: |
ostanna |
ossanna |
| Com: |
ostamma |
ossamma |
| Ins: |
ostu |
osso |
| Cop: |
ostar |
ossar |
| Ess: |
osti |
ossë |
| Rel: |
osma |
ossatma |
| Adj: |
óstëa |
óssëa |
- T Stems:
stems ending in ‹-t› whose nominative singular ends in ‹-tV›. Except for the nominative,
copulative, essive and adjectival, they are conjugated like SS stems in High Silindion. In Low Silindion, they are transferred to AY stems, by analogy with
their nominative singulars. They exhibit vowel harmony like SS stems.
Example: velet- 'knot'.
|
Singular, HS |
Plural, HS |
| Nom: |
veltë |
veletya |
| Acc: |
velentë |
veletyán |
| Gen: |
veletti |
veletyari |
| Dat: |
velentu |
veletyanu |
| Abl: |
verellim |
veletyalim |
| Loc: |
velevi |
veletyavi |
| All: |
velenta |
veletyanna |
| Com: |
velenta |
veletyamma |
| Ins: |
velessu |
veletyo |
| Cop: |
veltar |
veletyar |
| Ess: |
velti |
veletyë |
| Rel: |
veletma |
veletyatma |
| Adj: |
véltëa |
velétyëa |
- D Stems:
gerunds (or nouns which can be translated as gerunds) whose nominative have the form ‹-V(n)na›. Stems of all
such words end in ‹-d›, alternating in a few forms with zero, and in the plural with ‹-n›. Another type of D stem is the
word ‹ëan› 'thing'.
Examples: lond- 'hunt'.
|
Singular |
Plural, HS |
Plural, LS |
| Nom: |
lona |
lonanya |
lonë |
| Acc: |
londán |
lonanyán |
lonéin |
| Gen: |
londi |
lonanyari |
loneiri |
| Dat: |
lonnu |
lonanyanu |
loneinu |
| Abl: |
lonlim |
lonanyalim |
loneilim |
| Loc: |
lonvi |
lonanyavi |
loneivi |
| All: |
londanna |
lonanyanna |
loneinna |
| Com: |
londamma |
lonanyamma |
loneimma |
| Ins: |
londu |
lonanyo |
lónëu |
| Cop: |
londar |
lonanyar |
loneir |
| Ess: |
londi |
lonanyë |
lonë |
| Rel: |
lonma |
lonanyatma |
loneitma |
| Adj: |
lóndëa |
lonányëa |
lónië |
ëand- 'thing'.
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom: |
ëan |
ëanya |
| Acc: |
ëandán |
ëanyán |
| Gen: |
ëandi |
ëanyari |
| Dat: |
ëannu |
ëanyanu |
| Abl: |
ëanlim |
ëanyalim |
| Loc: |
ëanvi |
ëanyavi |
| All: |
ëandanna |
ëanyanna |
| Com: |
ëandamma |
ëanyamma |
| Ins: |
ëandu |
ëanyo |
| Cop: |
ëandar |
ëanyar |
| Ess: |
ëandi |
ëanyë |
| Rel: |
ëanma |
ëanyatma |
| Adj: |
ëandëa |
ëanyëa |
- Irregular Stems:
a small amount of words have irregular stems. The most common are ‹nan› 'light'
(‹nal(d)-›), ‹nirnë› 'order' (‹nir(n)-›) and ‹ur› 'day' (‹uro-›).
Examples: nal(d)- 'light'.
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom: |
nan |
nanya |
| Acc: |
naldán |
nanyán |
| Gen: |
nandi |
nanyari |
| Dat: |
nannu |
nanyanu |
| Abl: |
nallim |
nanyalim |
| Loc: |
nalvi |
nanyavi |
| All: |
naldanna |
nanyanna |
| Com: |
naldamma |
nanyamma |
| Ins: |
naldu |
nanyo |
| Cop: |
naldar |
nanyar |
| Ess: |
naldi |
nanyë |
| Rel: |
nalma |
nanyatma |
| Adj: |
náldëa |
nányëa |
nir(n)- 'order'.
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom: |
nirnë |
nirña |
| Acc: |
nirnán |
nirñán |
| Gen: |
nirdi |
nirñari |
| Dat: |
nirnu |
nirñanu |
| Abl: |
nirrim |
nirñalim |
| Loc: |
nirvi |
nirñavi |
| All: |
nirnanna |
nirñanna |
| Com: |
nirnamma |
nirñamma |
| Ins: |
nirnu |
nirño |
| Cop: |
nirnar |
nirñar |
| Ess: |
nirni |
nirñë |
| Rel: |
nirma |
nirñatma |
| Adj: |
nínëa |
nírñëa |
uro- 'day'.
|
Singular |
Plural |
| Nom: |
ur |
urë |
| Acc: |
urón |
uréin |
| Gen: |
ulori |
uleiri |
| Dat: |
uronu |
ureinu |
| Abl: |
urolim |
ureilim |
| Loc: |
urovi |
ureivi |
| All: |
uronna |
ureinna |
| Com: |
uromma |
ureimma |
| Ins: |
uru |
úrëu |
| Cop: |
ular |
uleir |
| Ess: |
uri |
urë |
| Rel: |
urotma |
ureitma |
| Adj: |
úrië |
úrië |